全球民调表明金钱无法买到全部的幸福

Martin

全球民调表明金钱无法买到全部的幸福

生活满意度与生活乐趣是幸福的两大组成部分。研究者报告称，生活满意度的确与收入更为相关，然而积极的生活感受还依赖于其他因素，比如感觉受到他人尊重以及与他人存在联系（而不是被孤立）。供图：黛布拉·博尔格拉（Debra Bolgla）

研究者报告称，一项全球范围内的调查在132个国家访问了13万6千多人，调查包括关于幸福与收入的问题，同时调查结果显示当生活满意度经常随着收入的提高而上升时，积极的生活感受并不必然遵循这种上升的趋势。

这些发现，来自对首次盖洛普世界民意调查（Gallup World Poll）所收集数据的分析，发表在本月的《人格与社会心理学杂志》（Journal of Personality and Social Psychology）上。

“大众总是想知道：金钱会使你幸福快乐吗？”美国伊利诺伊大学（University of Illinois）心理学名誉教授埃德·迪纳说。他同时也是盖洛普民调组织的资深科学家。“这项研究显示，这完全取决于你如何定义幸福，因为如果你关注生活满意度的话，你如何将你的生活作为一个整体去评价呢，你会看到在世界各地收入与幸福之间都存在一个相当强的相关，”他说。“反之，如果你关注的是生活满意度之外的方面，你也会为收入与积极的生活感受以及享受自我之间的相关竟如此之低而感到相当震惊。”

盖洛普世界民意调查从2005年到2006年间，对132个国家民众的代表性样本就广泛的问题进行了调查。调查在较富裕的地区采用电话咨询的方式，而在农村或者欠发达地区则采用挨家挨户上门采访的方式。

研究者报告称，参与调查的国家代表了全世界人口的大约96%，同时考虑到了全球范围内文化、经济与政治现实的多样性。

这项“地球人的首个代表性样本”，作者写道，“被用于探寻为什么‘幸福’与高收入相关的原因。”研究者能够考察受访者的一长串归因结果，包括他们的收入与生活标准，而不管他们对食物与住所的基本需求是否得到满足，不管他们拥有何种设施，也不管他们是否感觉自己的心理需要得到了满足。

这项调查包括一个全球性的生活评估，让受访者对他们的生活在一个量表上进行评分，量表最低分是0分（可能是最糟糕的生活），最高分是10分（可能是最美好的生活）。参与者同时还需要回答关于前一天体验到的情绪是积极还是消极的问题。而且调查还询问受访者他们是否感到被尊重，是否拥有家庭与朋友（在紧急情况下他们能够指望得上的家人与朋友），以及感觉在选择他们的日常活动、学习新事物或者做“自己擅长做的事情”方面拥有多大的自由度。

像之前的多项研究一样，最新的分析发现对生活的评价，或者说生活满意度，随着个人与国家收入的增加而上升。但是积极的生活感受，虽然也稍微随着收入增加一起上升，不过却与其他因素存在更为紧密的联系，比如感到被尊重、拥有自主权与社会支持以及从事一份令人满足的工作。

迪纳说，这是世界上关于“幸福”的研究中，第一项将生活满意度、你生活美好的哲学信仰与你日常生活体验到的积极或消极的感受加以区分的研究。

“每个人都只关注着生活满意度与收入的关系，”他说。“同时当变得更加富有将使你更满意自己的生活这种认识是正确的时候，这一点对于享受生活的作用可能并没有我们想象的那么大。”


Can money buy happiness? Gallup poll asks, and the world answers

Life satisfaction and enjoyment of life are two components of happiness. Life satisfaction is more closely associated with income, while positive feelings also depend on other factors, such as feeling respected and connected to others, researchers report.

A worldwide survey of more than 136,000 people in 132 countries included questions about happiness and income, and the results reveal that while life satisfaction usually rises with income, positive feelings don’t necessarily follow, researchers report.

The findings, from an analysis of data gathered in the first Gallup World Poll, appear this month in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

“The public always wonders: Does money make you happy?” said University of Illinois professor emeritus of psychology Ed Diener, a senior scientist with the Gallup Organization. “This study shows that it all depends on how you define happiness, because if you look at life satisfaction, how you evaluate your life as a whole, you see a pretty strong correlation around the world between income and happiness,” he said. “On the other hand it’s pretty shocking how small the correlation is with positive feelings and enjoying yourself.”

The Gallup World Poll conducted surveys on a wide range of subjects in a representative sample of people from 132 countries from 2005 to 2006. The poll used telephone surveys in more affluent areas, and door-to-door interviews in rural or less-developed regions. The countries surveyed represent about 96 percent of the world’s population, the researchers report, and reflect the diversity of cultural, economic and political realities around the globe.

This “first representative sample of planet earth,” the authors wrote, “was used to explore the reasons why ‘happiness’ is associated with higher income.” The researchers were able to look at a long list of attributes of respondents, including their income and standard of living, whether their basic needs for food and shelter were met, what kinds of conveniences they owned and whether they felt their psychological needs were satisfied.

The surveys included a global life evaluation, which asked respondents to rate their lives on a scale that ranged from zero (worst possible life) to 10 (best possible life). Participants also answered questions about positive or negative emotions experienced the previous day. And the poll asked respondents whether they felt respected, whether they had family and friends they could count on in an emergency, and how free they felt to choose their daily activities, learn new things or do “what one does best.”

Like previous studies, the new analysis found that life evaluation, or life satisfaction, rises with personal and national income. But positive feelings, which also increase somewhat as income rises, are much more strongly associated with other factors, such as feeling respected, having autonomy and social support, and working at a fulfilling job.

This is the first “happiness” study of the world to differentiate between life satisfaction, the philosophical belief that your life is going well, and the day-to-day positive or negative feelings that one experiences, Diener said.

“Everybody has been looking at just life satisfaction and income,” he said. “And while it is true that getting richer will make you more satisfied with your life, it may not have the big impact we thought on enjoying life.”

Weiting Ng, of the Singapore Institute of Management; and James Harter and Raksha Arora, of The Gallup Organization, were co-authors on the study with Diener.

原文地址：http://news.illinois.edu/news/10/0701happiness.html

朱业胜

恕我直言，这些钱与幸福的文章，都没有我写的那篇深刻和见到本质。

Martin

朱业胜 发表于 2012-12-29 09:42
恕我直言，这些钱与幸福的文章，都没有我写的那篇深刻和见到本质。

呵呵，这些文章的优点在于有调查数据为支持，有很好的参考作用